Uum Practicum Report - 10274 Words

UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA GRADUAN BERSATU SND BHD CHAPTER 1: - INTRODUCTION - 1.1 ORGANIZATION PROFILE Graduan Bersatu Sdn Bhd (GBSB) was formed in 23 July 2003 in realization of a vision shared by its founding partners on being successful entrepreneurs. GBSB has experience for almost 4 years in printing shirt and corporate merchandising. They are experts in printing the shirts, premium items and merchandising. The urge to become entrepreneurs that developed during their university years have brought together the partners to operates this business. This business is the brainchild of the Entrepreneurs Development Program, which was developed by the Entrepreneurship Development Institute, Universiti Utara Malaysia. This unique program,†¦show more content†¦The GBSB produced the products with the â€Å"identity† label. 1.9 ORGANIZATION TEAM Refer appendix (1) 4 UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA GRADUAN BERSATU SND BHD Chapter 2: - Theory Analysis In this second chapter of this industrial report, there were four analyses carried out namely PEST Analysis, competitive advantage, TOWS matrix and Porters Diamond Model. The analyses that had carried out for the purpose to provide understanding about the GBSB and its operation environment in more detailed. In this section, i will explain about the purpose of these analyses, the objectives, the method used to carry out this analysis and other information about the analyses. 2.1 PEST ANALYSIS PEST analysis is useful before SWOT not generally vice-versa but PEST definitely helps to identify SWOT factors. It becomes more useful and relevant the larger and more complex the business or proposition, but even for a very small local businesses a PEST analysis can still throw up one or two very significant issues that might otherwise be missed. A Pest analysis is an analysis of external macro-environment that affects all firms. P.E.ST. is an acronym for the Political, Economic, Social, and Technological factors of the external macro-environment. Such external factors usually are beyond a firm’s control and sometimes present themselves as threats. However, changes in the external

African Dust and Microbial Pathogens Essay example

The atmosphere is a relatively unexplored and unthought of environment for a microbial habitat. Approximately 0.5 to 5.0 billion tons of dust travels in the atmosphere each year throughout the globe or within a particular region (Perkins, 2001). Dust is transported from Africa, other countries with large deserts and contains diverse microbial communities (bacteria and fungi) often containing pathogens. Data presented within the current and past century has shown that microbes are capable of withstanding environments exposing them to desiccation, UV, and other physical stresses, making them a good candidate for airborne global travel. Knowledge of these various microbes is increasing due to concerns over human health and oceanic diseases†¦show more content†¦Most dust circulates to the Caribbean, North and Central America during June through October (Graham, 1979). Climate change has greatly affected dust transport partially because of decreased rainfall. Anthropogenic influe nce creates aerosols in the atmosphere and are derived from three primary sources: biomass burning, desert dust and pollution due to anthropogenic effects. Increasing agricultural land use (over grazing and over farming) are just a few of the contributing problems. The dust created by increasing desertification provides issues for human and marine health. Generally, ill-health is correlated to higher dust storm rates, bacteria and fungi can be carried across seas for international infection, and dust storms can damage Florida flora by blocking sunlight preventing photosynthesis. Currently, there is still much information to be studied on African dust and how it affects various organisms. It is widely accepted that studies of African dust confirm human impact on the environment must decrease and we must find more efficient ways of agricultural development otherwise problems will continue to arise in many forms. Coral reef decline has thought to be linked with the rise of African dust, due to the demise of reef health since 1970. Since 1974, 29 major marine outbreaks have been recorded and of the 29, 20 of them were located in the Atlantic basin and nearby areas (Sherman et al., 1992). 8 of the 29Show MoreRelatedEssay on Cystic Fibrosis1134 Words   |  5 Pages(approximately 50% of CF patients live to the age of 30). As early as 30 years ago, the median survival age was 8 years. Chronic lung infections, which lead to declines in lung function, remain the major cause of morbidity and mortality. While several pathogens have been implicated, Pseudomonas aeruginosa—an opportunistic and virulent bacterium—has an affinity for the lung tissue of CF patients. New research efforts, focused on gene mapping as a possible mechanism to identify mutations correlating with

Privatized Public Beaches in Lebanon Free Essays

Privatized public beaches in Lebanon Outline I. Introduction II. Causes of privatising public beaches A. We will write a custom essay sample on Privatized Public Beaches in Lebanon or any similar topic only for you Order Now Political grounds B. Economic grounds III. Effectss of privatising public beaches A. Addition in monetary values B. Private beaches considered public Decision IV Beachs in Lebanon have been used through old ages for several grounds. The Lebanese jurisprudence provinces, like any other state in the universe, that entree to the beach should be free and unfastened to everyone ( †¦ .. ) . This fact did non censor some of the powerful Lebanese people to privatise these public beaches. † Over 10 1000000s of metres of lands historically classified as Mashaa’ ( repossessing public belongingss ) , in add-on to public belongingss which some are State-owned, such as sea and rivers, were conquered over the last coevalss † ( Safadi, 2012 ) claimed the Lebanese curate of finance. This support took topographic point in order to build an model for economic system that would to boot downgrade the construct of public countries and the public good, stressing much more on private involvements. This type of devastation erased landscaped countries, beaches, agricultural lands and to the full eliminated celebrated markets and popular histori cal edifices. Not merely this, but it besides changed many topographic points that were full of memories, which must be preserved. Privatizing beaches have been turning improbably fast with clip. New epicurean beach resorts are turning like mushrooms all along the seashore, with all types of swimming pools and fancy Jacuzzis right at the seafront whereas barmans functioning cocktails in the center of bars inside the pools to sounds of loud music. This state of affairs has ne’er been inexistent, on the contrary nowadays through most of the clip really soundless and in different fortunes. Political intercessions were one of the chief causes of feeding this job. The beach has been â€Å"privatized † from all waies, from north to south. This denationalization does non profit the national exchequer nevertheless, it increases unusually the income of politicians who took over these beaches. A broad figure of these shores in Jounieh, Gieh, Jbeil and many other parts in Lebanon are transformed into Luxury resorts barely accessible by a few figure of the population. Even though this denationalization has several negative facets, it is still present in our state since political figures and parties are endorsing this type of work, even more, they are the proprietors of such undertakings. Despite the bad effects they can hold on the environment, they still prefer to up lift their ain benefit on top of any other topic. Their chief intent is to raise the biggest sum of money possible. Other than the political grounds that contribute in enlarging this subject, economical gro unds besides play an of import function. The proprietors of these topographic points hide behind touristry while supporting their work, as if taking over the populace had become an of import portion in enlarging the tourers activities. They claim that tourers are attracted to epicurean edifices and resorts therefore the topographic points are being built under the rubric of leisure and comfort. They try to do it as epicurean and every bit large as possible and in parallel raise the monetary values. In this instance, merely the rich category benefit. In contrary to what is thought to be done, these topographic points have more to veto than positive on touristry. The monetary values are increasing with the old ages making unaffordable rates that alternatively of pulling tourers forcing them off. Not merely these causes have erased the public beaches in Lebanon, but besides it created several economical effects and beaches that are considered populace could still be private. Thousands of Lebanese delay for summer season so they can get away the concrete metropolis to pass the twenty-four hours at the beach. However, in Lebanon there are now merely a few metres of seashore designated as public beaches. A big subdivision of Lebanese can no longer dunk their pess into the sea along their huge coastline. This fact is due to the improbably high monetary values imposed by the private sector, which even increases from weekdays to weekends. There are really few picks now: 250 beach nines are the lone manner the Lebanese can entree the sea. Not merely this, but every twelvemonth, the monetary values of entry rise and every twelvemonth. For illustration, for a Lebanese household to pass a twenty-four hours at the beach today, the cost scope would be from 100 000 L.L. to 200 000 L.L. Th is is the instance of a five members household merely. This is of class without factoring in the monetary value of H2O, nutrient, and drinks, because most beach nines employ people to seek bags upon entry, so that non even a bag of french friess enters the nine. Everything has to be bought indoors. Normally in resorts outside the capital, the monetary values are lower since the clients are largely locals but still sometimes unaffordable to many of the population. Harmonizing to the alleged nine proprietors, this addition in monetary value is explained and necessary. It is mentioned that the cost of Diesel, the addition in the rewards and conveyance costs of the employees, the rise in supplying electricity under the current terrible rationing agenda, and the rise in monetary values of stuffs to clean the pools have been factors to set these high monetary values. One specific illustration is about electricity being indispensable, â€Å"from air conditioning, pool filters, to the kitc hen and lighting. With the rise in the monetary value of Diesel, the cost of runing the generator has risen to $ 15,000 a month.† In add-on to the cited antecedently, the effects of privatising beaches have lead us back to many old ages earlier. During the war period, while some of the Lebanese people were excessively busy killing each other, others were clearly caught by something else. Stealing sand from the populace was at that place chief concern. They siphoned off 1000s of dozenss of sand, 10s of 1000s of trucks, possibly more, were sold off. Al-Akhbar estimations that one truckload of sand is deserving 400USD today. Let’s assume it was merely 300 or 200USD back so, that’s 1000000s if non one million millions of dollars stolen from the people. It is really likely presents to see a private belongings a public 1. Even while purchasing a land at the sea, it might be uncomplete whereas portion of it is really the sea due to the enlargement of lands. On the other manus, due to the immense sum of sand stolen in the yesteryear, the shore bound back so was manner more advanced in the sea. In this peculiar instance, the sea lawfully begins at the border of that unnaturally reclaimed piece of land. So much sand has disappeared, that the sea moved inland and is technically portion of the land being rented or bought. In decision, privatized beaches are present all around the universe. However, in other states than Lebanon, there is a replacing for the private topographic points. In Lebanon, the private is taking over the public illicitly due to political grounds and economical intents. The effects of the subject are enlarging, monetary values are increasing and private lands are considered private. Mentions: Mashaa’ collective, 2013,Reclaiming the parks in Beirut,retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.arteeast.org/2013/10/20/reclaiming-the-seashore-through-art-and-activism/ Lahoud C. , 2012,A call to weaponries to assist Lebanon’s seashore,the day-to-day star, retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dailystar.com.lb/Culture/Books/2012/Feb-08/162529-a-call-to-arms-to-help-lebanons-coast.ashx # axzz32C6fD5wt Gino, 2012,Why Some Beach Resorts in Lebanon Are Completely Legal,retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //thelaw.com/2012/07/03/why-some-beach-resorts-in-lebanon-are-completely-legal/ Beach blockers,2011, retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //now.mmedia.me/lb/en/reportsfeatures/beach_blockers Abouzaki R. , 2012,Lebanon’s Beachs: Sand Castles for the Richretrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //english.al-akhbar.com/node/8513 1 How to cite Privatized Public Beaches in Lebanon, Essay examples

Ethnicity in Social Context-Free-Sample for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Ethnicity in Social Context. Answer: Introduction A very simple explanation of ethnicity is the state of being part of a common group or cultural tradition. When a group of people share a common distinct culture, religion or language, then it is known as an ethnic group. In terms of social existence there are various factors which influence both social inclusion as well as social exclusion. Social inclusion signifies the process where various groups or individuals are given the chance to engage in several economic, political and social systems. On the contrary social exclusion is the process when individuals or groups are relegated to the fringe of the society. In this study an in depth understanding will be gained on the inclusion and exclusion in the society with reference to the ethnicity of an individual or group. An attempt will be made to identify the issues related to inclusion and exclusion in the ethnicity context and also describe the anti-oppressive practices, and that how it might impact ones own practice and relationshi p with the client. This way it will help in understanding how effective counseling can build good relationships even in a cross cultural context. Ethnicity In this study to explain ethnicity the Scottish culture will be taken. Scots are a native group found in Scotland. If the emergence of the group is traced back in history it will be seen that this group emerged when Picts and Gaels merged to form the kingdom of Scotland. People of Scottish descent are spread all across the globe, majorly in the country of Canada (De Kock et al., 2015). The three major languages spoken by the Scots are English, Scots and Gaelic. In terms of religion, the faith that majority of people in Scotland practice is Christianity. The Scots basically means painted people as they have a custom of painting or tattooing their bodies. Hence this provides a clear picture on the ethnicity of the Scottish people and how different it is from the people of New Zealand. They possess a deep rooted culture with rich mythology, very different art form and also performing arts (Marquardt Herrera, 2015) Ethnicity in a social context It is often seen in a social context that an individual is judged on the basis of his national identity. This is often decided by the fact whether claims of that particular individual is regarded by the society. Hence it can be said that ethnicity often makes an individual an outsider. It ultimately leads to social inclusion or exclusion (Kastoryano Schader, 2014).. Since ethnicity or racism is still a subject of taboo in most countries hence there are very few studies relating to the role played by ethnicity or race in social exclusion and inequality. The four major premises on which ethnicity works are: language, region, religion and caste. Religion Religion is one of the common factors which can give rise to lot of issues within the social paradigm. This is specially seen in places where there is existence of several religions being practiced by the population. The stress of the religion based identities often lead to communal riots (Clammer, 2017).. The communal riots again can cause marginalization in the society. This leads to exclusion in the society. Probably that is the reason it is often stated that religion is the most critical point that attacks a particular culture. Religion has thus often been coined as the first sense that builds the feeling of community. But religion should never be perceived as a social security card. Since religion also refers to social inclusion, many wants to grasp it as a tool to adhere to the cream of the society, but that should not be the case. As ethnicity which incorporates religion in itself is not a differentiating factor. Language Apart from religion the other aspect that often creates many challenges or issues is languages. Linguistic aspirations often act as a threat in unity and integrity of any social system. Not only language but dialects often can cause a point of differentiation in the society (Steed, 2015). In the History of India it has often been seen that the concern of most political and social uprising has been due to linguistic differences. This has also caused both social inclusion and social exclusion as a result. Such region based ethnic objectives have been the cause of several social movements. The relationship of language and society has many issues ranging from international relations to interpersonal relationships. Another good example can be the language attitudes in America with respect to the English language. Studies of status of different languages across different countries will give a macro level understanding of social relations and culture (Hunting et al., 2015). An alternative a pproach to language and society, points out situations when usage of language is an activity altogether. In this context, for example, addressing a person by the prefix Mr. or Mrs. is not a case of knowing simple vocabulary. It is also about the relationship and also the social status of the person concerned. Similarly usage of sentence alternatives is not a matter of just simple sentence construction. Choosing the correct construction involves cultural values like politeness, status and deference. Hence this gives a much clearer idea as to hoe linguistic differences creates social barriers leading to social exclusions. Region and caste Since time immemorial it has been that all civilizations irrespective of the time, has structured society in a particular pattern. A good example is stratification like feudal lords and serfs, capitalist and proletariat (Wright Stickley, 2013). Hence it can be inferred that there is no existence of any society without stratification. Societies are stratified on the basis of class, status, caste and also income groups. The word caste had its origin in the Spanish word Casta which meant breed or race. In India caste was the basis of stratification of society since the age of the Rig Veda. There were several issues of caste which led to oppression among the people in the society. This oppression led to marginalization I the society. Even political issues were spurred using this as a tool. Region based demarcation in the society is also common all across the globe (Sacco et al., 2014). Inter regional conflicts have often led to demarcation in the society as a whole creating or inviting social inclusion. Anti Oppressive Practices The simple explanation of oppression is the utilization of power to marginalize silence or subordinate otherwise any social group or category in order to benefit the oppressor. Social oppression generally does not require a very formal organizational support; the desired effect can be made by mere focused individual actions. Anti oppression practices seeks to first identify the oppression that exists and then attempts to mitigate its effects trying to balance the power ij the society (Barak 2016). There are groups in the society and communities that is more powerful than the others based on the membership of that group. A good example can be the group of CEOs of major companies. It would be noticed that this group is dominated by White Males. On the contrary most fast food workers are dominated by women of colour. But when a close look is taken at social assistance or state aid, it will be seen most of it is received by aged or disable people. There are hardly available for oppressio n dominated b y ethnicity. Anti oppressive practices does not consist of any established structure or mode (Raj, 2017). It is a continuous process involving innovation. An attempt is being made in recent times about how using a range of anti oppressive ideas like poetry and creativity can break through the traditional modes and confront systematic oppression. Anti oppression has a much wider purview than just combing a bunch of categories of oppression. Anti oppressive stances or practices goes beyond any categorization. The most simple way or method of anti-oppression is to practice minimization of power hierarchies in the social structure. This can be best achieved by building the power of those who hold a marginalized identity in society and reducing the unfair power of those who are the so called privileged class in the society. In a larger context, emergence of anti oppression practices refers to deepening of globalization and the rise of the policies of neo liberalism. Hence a ttempts are being made by social workers all across the globe to clinically orient anti oppression with counseling (Luchies, 2015). Anti oppression practices embodies a philosophy that is person centered, an egalitarian value system that is working on reducing the deleterious effects of inequalities of structure upon a persons life. Hence the focus now is on correcting all injustices, building power of the less powered people and centering the needs of all those communities that have marginalized identities. The UN has specified human rights that work on mitigating social injustice. This helps students and other social workers in practicing theories and skills to uphold these obligations and fulfill the requirement of anti oppression practice. Community power and culture are associated with the maintenance of the equality in the organization and in the society. Identification of the relationship between the society and the associated ethnic group are concerned with the maintenance of the alignment with the diversity in the range of family concern and political beliefs (Ali Lees, 2013).. It has been found that the closed people group may safeguard and reinforce a specific 'culture', in any case, they lessen the encounters accessible to individuals, and they might be extremely defenseless against misconception, preference, persecution and even assault from those outside. Mill and Gwyne in the year 1972 have depicted the impact of institutional watch over disable. In this context, the application of anti-oppressive concern is associated with managing the client or individual from the extent of diverse treatment in the society (Baines, 2013). Anti-oppressive social work rehearses is a way to deal with training that includes a comprehension of the complexities and sources of the mistreatment that exists in our general public and effect on people. It incorporates numerous hypotheses including, however not constrained to "radical, basic, women's activist, against bigot, basic, and liberator systems". With the application of the anti-oppressive concern it has been found that the social workers are ensuring benefits with the development and application of the following client concern management- The application of anti-oppressive application is helping the social workers to maintain the high quality service for the clients. The workers are striving towards the enhancement and maintenance of the professional knowledge for the development of the skills for the client (Mattsson, 2014). Social workers are associated with showing the care for the interest of the client and safety of the practices for the areas of demonstrating the competence On the other hand, during the management of the client with the help of anti-oppression activities; it is essential for the workers to focus towards some of the relevant concerns as following Maintaining the awareness regarding the social differences Linking of the personal and political concern towards the development of the understanding Power related applications for the practice of mutual involvement from the end of client towards the society. Open doors for change are made by the procedure of the challenge. Difficulties are not generally effective and are frequently excruciating for the individual or gathering being tested or testing. Thus, application of anti-oppression is helping in understanding the challenges and suitable application to overcome the situation effectively (Danso, 2015). Conclusion This study clearly brings out the stratification in society that happens in the context of various cultural aspects; ethnicity being one of them. It also wonderfully explores how ethnicity can cause various situations that in turn bring about social inclusion as well as exclusion. These are all examples of oppressive practices that tend to marginalize particular groups, hence the study also discusses the various aspects of anti-oppression practices and how these have impacted the relationship of an individual with its surrounding and clients. The concept of counseling such relationships have been brought up so that these can eventually bridge the gap of stratification and nurture more of social inclusion rather than social exclusion. Referenes List Ali, A., Lees, K. E. (2013). The therapist as advocate: Anti?oppression advocacy in psychological practice.Journal of clinical psychology,69(2), 162-171. Baines, S. (2013). Music therapy as an anti-oppressive practice.The Arts in Psychotherapy,40(1), 1-5. Barak, M. E. M. (2016).Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Clammer, J. (2017). Performing ethnicity: Beyond constructivism to social creativity.Social Alternatives,36(1), 30. Danso, R. (2015). An integrated framework of critical cultural competence and anti-oppressive practice for social justice social work research.Qualitative social work,14(4), 572-588. De Kock, C., Decorte, T., Vanderplasschen, W., Schamp, J., Derluyn, I., Hauspie, B., ... Sacco, M. (2015). Studying ethnicity and substance use: ontological considerations and methodological implications. InEthnic minority youth: drugs, gangs and street life. Hunting, G., Grace, D., Hankivsky, O. (2015). Taking action on stigma and discrimination: An intersectionality-informed model of social inclusion and exclusion.Intersectionalities: A Global Journal of Social Work Analysis, Research, Polity, and Practice,4(2), 101-125. Kastoryano, R., Schader, M. (2014). A comparative view of ethnicity and political engagement.Annual Review of Sociology,40, 241-260. Luchies, T. (2015). Towards an insurrectionary power/knowledge: Movement-relevance, anti-oppression, prefiguration.Social Movement Studies,14(5), 523-538. Marquardt, K. L., Herrera, Y. M. (2015). Ethnicity as a variable: an assessment of measures and data sets of ethnicity and related identities.Social Science Quarterly,96(3), 689-716. Mattsson, T. (2014). Intersectionality as a useful tool: Anti-oppressive social work and critical reflection.Affilia,29(1), 8-17. Raj, F. (2017).Transport, demand management and social inclusion: The need for ethnic perspectives. Routledge. Sacco, D. F., Bernstein, M. J., Young, S. G., Hugenberg, K. (2014). Reactions to social inclusion and ostracism as a function of perceived in-group similarity.Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice,18(2), 129. Steed, K. (2015). Social inclusion and exclusion.Culturescope,106, 28. Wright, N., Stickley, T. (2013). Concepts of social inclusion, exclusion and mental health: a review of the international literature.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,20(1), 71-81.

Writer Albert Camus

Written by Albert Camus, The Guest is an irrational intriguing short story found in the novel Exile and Kingdom. The captivating masterwork is a reflection of the kind of politics that Algeria exercised during the colonial times.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Writer Albert Camus specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Camus uses Daru as the main character solely to bring out different themes like alienation, absurd, freedom and solitude among others. He speculates and examines the negative impacts of one failing to back up any party during political upheaval in Algeria. In addition, the story also explores his political stand during his stay in France. In 1914, Albert Camus was born to Algerian parents. Unluckily, his father passed on during the World War II leaving him in the care of his mother and grandmother. As a journalist and co-founder of theatrical group, he was part of the intellect community in Algeria. He w as a member of the communist party but two years later, he quitted due to differences in the Algerian nationalism. He moved to Paris where the French actively opposed him, a scenario that fuelled his publishing of a number of novels among them The Stranger, The Plague, and The Guest besides working in a publishing company. In 1952, he fell out with his friend Jean-Paul Sartre due to differences in the communism. Due to his political stand and refusal to back up neither Algerians nor the French, he constantly received criticisms. In January 1960, his life ended prematurely due to a car accident in Villeblevin. The setting of the Novel is in Algeria during the colonial times of the republic of France. Ethnic conflicts and fight for decolonization or freedom by the Arabs are among the problems Algeria was experiencing at the time. Daru, the schoolteacher is the main character in the story. He lives in school quarters but due to drought, pupils are not attending school. However, the sch ool administration confers him the role of distributing relief food to pupils. In addition, he plays the role of handing over a rebellious Arab to the authority, which he breaks by letting the Arab go free. The second character is Balducci, who brings the Arab prisoner to Daru to hand him over to the authority for conviction. The Arab prisoner is the third and final character who is a rebellious, rude and murderer and one who is supposed to face the law.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are different themes like absurd, morality, alienation, solitude, and freedom among others that the author vividly highlights. The theme of absurd is one of the major themes. The author describes the earth surface as inhabitable and cruel for human survival. Due to extreme drought, the land is less productive. Despite the human suffering, they strive to survive through relief food. Camus brings out the theme of absurd when he says, â€Å"The absurd is born of this confrontation between Human need and the unreasonable silence of the world† (14). The author symbolically uses the earth’s harsh climate and human confidence to survive to bring out the theme of absurd. Although the personas brings out the theme of absurd and struggle to survival, finally he is unable to forge on as he gives up. The second major theme is freedom. The author uses Daru to highlight this theme. Although plateaus have a harsh climate and seem inhabitable, Daru freely chose to live there. Despite the desert’s harsh conditions, he is able to live and survive there. However, Daru is to decide the freedom of the Arab and this leaves him undecided on which is the best route to chose. Finally, he leaves the Arab to decide for himself. The author uses Daru symbolically to highlight and describe the fights between ethnic groups in Algeria. He lives in a desert plateaus and hilly environment. The desert is a symbol of the Arabs who are struggling to survive in their harsh country because of French colonialism. On the other hand, the plateau is a symbol of the French. Therefore, the French forced the Arabs to live with them as symbolically represented by Daru who lives in the plateau because of his role as schoolteacher. This is because Daru did not always want to side with either Arabs or the French. Balducci brings out the irony of the story in that though he is arrogant, rude and disrespectful to the Arab prisoner he does not face the law (Eberhard 6). He lives freely in the society without any form of conviction. On the other hand, Daru who appears kind and caring to the Arab faces the wrath of the fellow Arabs. This is because after freeing him he finds some scribble on the board asking about the Arab prisoner (Camus 20). In summary, the author, Albert Camus who is a famous writer highlights the problems Algerians faced during colonialism. On the other h and, he symbolically uses the characters like Daru and Balducci to highlight the major themes of the story. Absurd and freedom are the major themes the author brings out the story. He also applies irony to show the cruelty of the Arabs and French people during the colonial period.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Writer Albert Camus specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Camus, Albert. Exile and Kingdom: The guest. France: Gallimard Press, 1957. Eberhard, Greim. Albert Camus’s The Guest: A New Look at the Prisoner. Britain: Longmans Publishing, 1993. Print This essay on Writer Albert Camus was written and submitted by user Patricia P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Copying Files On, To, or Onto

Copying Files On, To, or Onto Copying Files On, To, or Onto Copying Files On, To, or Onto By Maeve Maddox Preposition use is not easy to formulate. In this post I will focus on incorrect- or at least ambiguous- uses of on, to, and onto in the context of electronic file transfer. First, some definitions: to: expressing motion directed toward and reaching a place. Ex. I took the book to the library. I copied the file to a jump drive. on: expressing a position above and in contact with; at rest on the upper surface of. Ex. She laid the book on the counter. I saved a copy of my dissertation on a CD. onto: indicating physical motion to a position on. Ex. The clerk dropped the book onto a moving conveyor belt. I copied a movie onto a DVD.    Here are examples of questionable preposition usage: Incorrect: Embed the HD videos you  create onto  your personal or professional websites to help bolster your reputation. Correct : Embed the HD videos you  create in  your personal or professional websites to help bolster your reputation. The use of onto with embed appears to be very common in the context of transferring files from one medium to another, but this usage disregards the meaning of embed: â€Å"to fix firmly in a surrounding mass of some solid material.† For example, a fossil may be found embedded in a layer of rock. A YouTube video may be embedded in a web page, but not on one. Incorrect: If you  want to copy on  the same volume, use the Finder  File.   Correct : If you want to copy to (or onto) the same volume, use the Finder File. Movies are copied to tape or disk. Once copied, they are on the tape or the disk. Incorrect: I am hoping to save a font from one computer onto my USB drive and transfer it to another computer. Correct : I am hoping to save a font from one computer on my USB drive and transfer it to another computer. Or: I am hoping to copy a font from one computer onto my USB drive and transfer it [from there] to another computer. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a UK Business Letter3 Cases of Complicated Hyphenation15 Idioms for Periods of Time

Situational Awareness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Situational Awareness - Essay Example 05). SA has been widely referenced in the world of aviation due to the fact that it plays a highly prominent role in operations taking place in flights. Even though the concept is considered to be very effectively in the domain of aviation, for safely operating aircraft functions for flights; it is no wonder to account for the fact that the very concept has been misemployed in its destined area. What is not appropriate is that the use of SA is most of the time based on an understanding which bases more on intuitive underpinnings than on objective analysis and implementation. Moreover, a commonly acceptable definition of SA is also scarce. As such the aviation psychologists have put all their attention on the mental links of SA owing to the fact that for tasks operations should undertake are of highly cognitive nature. Henceforth, the aviation psychologists have attempted to work out the cognitive areas that comprise the very components of SA. In other words, the aviation psychologist s have attempted to investigate the cognitive behavior of human practice that can lead to a successful understanding of SA. The empirical studies conducted in the past have revealed high correlation of memory usage in the practice of SA. (Sohn, & Doane, p. 461, 2004). Ways to Detect SA There are several ways by which ways to detect SA can be acquired. One such area is the analysis of the role played by memory in SA. Here, this single is divisible into many a subheads which tell us of the importance of understanding the role of memory in SA. Such relevant content as systems, hazards, or tasks are put to processing and ultimately stored in memory. Henceforth, the degree of accuracy of SA relies on memory in a way that the information coming in is synchronized into the cohesive interpretation and forecast of aircraft status. Due to the importance that memory components hold in SA, a number of researchers have concentrated on the role of memory in a number of differential tasks like air traffic control to detect ways of SA (Sohn, & Doane, p. 461, 2004). The basic step toward understanding SA and ways to detect it is to understand the construct of SA itself. According to Sohn, and Doane (p. 461, 2004), information processing view is the one step on which the entire understanding of SA can be employed. Here the authors quote Endsley's view that defines three levels of SA with respect to the components of processes that are cognitively perceivable. On this model the first level of understanding the construct takes into consideration the perceiving of the elements present in the environment. These elements can are other aircraft, status of the system being used, the terrain, and lights of warning. The second level of understanding the construct of SA to detect the ways to prevent any haphazard observation of any action is to integer information which is "a process of activating long-term memory (LTM) knowledge structures in order to organize the perceived situation elements into

Materials Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Materials - Assignment Example Storage tanks and other structures operating in a corrosive environment would prefer the use of stainless steel material of density 8200kg/m^3. ((Bansal R.K, 1998) Measurement of densities is critical since a defective product with a cracks or porosity would indicate a different density. Determination of density of a component indirectly leads to the calculation of the total weight of the structure and the corresponding stress due to this self weight. 2. Stress and Strain- Stress is defined as the intensity of force or force per unit area. In an engineering design the maximum allowable stress for a particular material is predefined and is a function of its yield strength. Therefore when a member has stresses beyond the allowable range, the area resisting this force is increased to bring it within the allowable range. Strain is defined as defined as the elongation of a structure per unit length. Calculating the strain helps the design engineer in comparing the values with the maximum allowable deflection.( Timoshenko Stephen and Gere James, 2004) 3. Tensile and Compressive strength- When a force is applied on bar or a structure in such a manner that it forces it to elongate, the resulting stresses are tensile stress. The maximum value of this particular stress for a particular material is called Tensile strength. ... The behaviour of the material is linear till this point. (b) The strain increases rapidly and the material shows elastic behaviour up to the elastic limit. (c) Beyond this point a significant increase in strain has only a minor change in tensile force. The material at this point is yielding and the point at which this starts is called the yield point. (d) Beyond the yield point to the lower yield point the material show plastic behaviour with large change in strain showing no change or a partial dip in stress values. The material is thus encountering plastic deformation.( Timoshenko Stephen and Gere James, 2004) 5. Modulus of Elasticity- As discussed in the previous graph stress is directly proportional to strain up to the proportional limit i.e Stress ? Strain or Stress= E x Strain. E here represents the Modulus of Elasticity and is dependent on the nature of the material. The elongation for a bar of length L, cross sectional area A under the impact of a force P having modulus of el asticity as E is given by ?L= P*L/(A*E). Modulus of elasticity is therefore critical in evaluating deflections. ( Timoshenko Stephen and Gere James, 2004) Experiment using Round piece of mild steel ( Timoshenko Stephen and Gere James, 2004) Reading Load Extension Strain Stress 1 50 0.09 0.00046 0.10186 2 100 0.19 0.00097 0.20372 3 150 0.29 0.00149 0.30558 4 160 0.34 0.00174 0.32595 5 165 0.46 0.00236 0.33614 6 170 0.78 0.004 0.34632 7 180 0.84 0.00431 0.36669 8 190 0.91 0.00467 0.38706 9 200 0.98 0.00503 0.40744 10 210 1.07 0.00549 0.42781 11 220 1.24 0.00636 0.44818 12 230 1.49 0.00764 0.46855 13 240 1.88 0.00964 0.48892 14 250 2.39 0.01226 0.5093 15 255 3.95

The Social Security Act Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Social Security Act - Research Paper Example The Social Security Act was first released on August 14, 1935. Since then, there have been a number of adaptions made to the Act to ensure that every provided with every necessity. E.g., originally this act just provided necessities for employees who worked in the nonagricultural and commerce sectors. Now, however, almost all kinds of works are covered by this program.The Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) is considered to be every American’s social right regardless of their financial need. In 1995, social security comprised of around one-fifth of the federal government expenses. The funding is done through payroll tax which is divided equally between the boss and the worker. These benefits are also adjusted as the living costs rise. To gain the benefits of social insurance, the individual must have made a contribution through payroll taxes when employed. Persons who contribute in this manner for at least ten years may be ensured that they will always be prov ided for by the government. The number and kind of benefits an individual receives depends on the amount of money that he earned and at what age he retired.The government provides aid for the disabled as well. These are adults aged between the years of 18 and 64 who are not fit enough to have a well earning job. Disability is defined as â€Å"inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death.

Internationalization: Japanese Manufacturing Company

Internationalization: Japanese Manufacturing Company This report was written to review the process of internationalization of one Japanese manufacturing company in Singapore. Impacts from financial crisis in year 2008 forced the group companies to exercise cost-cutting measures in their global operations, and localization is the only way to save costs and to maximize the utilization of local expertise and responsiveness to meet global competition. The review focuses on several front-end aspects of international HRM activities during the process of internationalization. Literature review on the topics of strategic IHRM, staffing systems, cultural differences and expatriate selections were studied and compared with the current organization structure and its HR management approaches and practices. Issues and problems arises from expatriate assignments were reviewed for future development. Comprehensive evaluation activities and areas of improvement were recommended for the company to leap forward. 1. Strategic Human Resources Management in International Context Strategy Human Resources Management (SHRM) is a process that allowed a company to bring its core resources together for strategic planning, for example core competency, core processes, cultural, structure and human resource to align with the company strategy to achieve its goal and objectives, see figure 1. In the context of international field where the firm operation involves in various countries and employing different national categories of workforces, the SHRM will look into broader perspective, for example in the area of six identified human resource activities in domestic context internationalization [Dowling P.J 2008]. Some of the additional international HRMs activities implemented by the HR department when Mastec progressed into internationalization are given in Table 1. The terminology of employee category are such as, i) PCN:- employees born and live in parent (home) country (headquarter), ii) HCD:- employees born and raised in the host country (where the subsidiary operate, and iii) TCN:- employees born in a country other than the host and parent country, were introduced into the company human resource system. The implementation of the strategic IHRM depends on the stage of the company at during the process of internationalization. Adler and Ghadars model (1990) based on Vernons life-cycle theory distinguishes three phases in the international product life-cycle [H. Scullion, 2005]. The first phase (high-tech) focuses on products, research and development that emphasizing on technical competency and role of functional area. The second phase (growth and internationalization) concentrates on business growth and market penetration in local and foreign country. The third phase (maturity) put pressure on the lower price and cost-control measures due to global competition. In the modern technology world, product life-cycle has been shortened to 3~5 years, which allowed Adler and Ghader to suggest a fourth phase. The fourth phase emphasis that a firm must pursue differentiation and global integration in order to achieve cost-control measures. This is the main reason for headquarter in Japan to re organize the business structure in Southeast Asia. The parent company has seen the maturity of the market in Southeast which triggered their decision to implement cost-control measures. However, detail examines at each of the subsidiary shown that there are mixture of phases which the subsidiaries are experiencing. For example, Vietnam and India are in the first phase which focuses on products and developing technical competency. Human Resource Activities International Human Resource Activities Human resource planning administrative activities in foreign subsidiary, cross-border risks management, political risk, terrorism and welfare Staffing Staffing approach in subsidiaries in Vietnam, India, Thailand and Malaysia. Recruitment of HCNs for host-country operation, etc. Training and Development Cross-cultural training, language translation, pre-departure training Performance management Evaluation of expatriate performance, overseas assignment ROI evaluation and staffs evaluation for foreign subsidiary Compensation and Benefits Tax equalization, overseas housing and posting allowances, return air ticket benefits, health-care, etc. Industrial Relationship different taxation law, compliances with host government policy, and compliances with general acceptable practice of doing business. Table: 1 The other approach to strategic IHRM implementation was contributed by the two logic of Evans and Lorange which suggested product-market logic and social-culture logic [Evans Lorange, 1989]. Both raise a question how a firm operates in a different product markets and diverse social-culture environment, which effectively establish human resource policies. Product-market logic implied that various phases of produce life-cycle need different focuses of manager which dictates the HR activities to concentrate on core competency, entrepreneurial skills and technical know-how. Social-culture logic suggested that for a firm to operate in various counties, employing people from difference social-culture backgrounds influences HR activities into providing training and education of cultural difference. Focusing on encouraging open communication, an open-minded listening, discouraging silo and facilitating activities that required less sentence structure will get around language and cultural di fferent barriers [H. Buknall, 2005]. The argument stressed the important of willingness to listen, letting the other party to clarify any doubt without making self assumption to achieve effective communication. Since Mastec had gained the status of regional headquarter in year 2009, the HR activities had started to look into above requirement, but the implementation process is still at a learning stages. This is the reason why only expatriate from Singapore was allocated to subsidiary operation in Vietnam, whereas Thailand and India still managed directly from Japan. The effectiveness of current organization structure to manage the subsidiary and how effective it can perform its role as regional headquarter and maintaining the similar level of corporate government as before need to be evaluated. 2. Staffing Approach and Human Resource Orientation As a firm progressing toward internationalization, management and control become more complex due to operation in geographical dispersion and multiculturalism. In leveraging those factors, the multinational firm can adopts centralized or decentralized approach which ever fits the complexity of its environments. Majority of Taiwaneses MNC likes Foxconn and Acer Computer practicing centralized control system. Prahalad and Doz refer centralized approach as global integration with strict control and decisions making from headquarter. Decentralized approach is more towards local responsive that gives some decision making autonomy to its subsidiary in order to best modify it product and services to meet local market demands [Prahalad, 1987]. Typical decentralized control company is a joint venture alliances. One of a reference company which operates very successfully under decentralized system is Johnson Johnson. The IHRM literature used four approaches to managing and staffing its subsidiary, called ethnocentric, polycentric, geocentric and regiocentric [Perlmutter, 1979]. Through these four types of management orientations, companies can clearly change from one orientation to another, depending on the needs of the company [Mujtaba, 2006]. This statement was proven by the decision of headquarter to change management system in Southeast from pure ethnocentric to regiocentric. Detail explanations of each type of the staffing approached are given as follows: 2.1) Ethnocentric Is a staffing approach where subsidiaries are managed by staffs from PCN. In ethnocentric approach, PCNs are dispatched to fill in key position of a subsidiary in host-country. The mind set of management is what work at home, will work here [Guergana K.S. Mujtaba, 2009]. Some of the reasons to pursue ethnocentric management system are lack of qualified personal, competency or special technical knowledge in HCNs. The need for centralized control, risk management, needs for parent-subsidiary to maintain good communication and coordination are another reasons to practice ethnocentric management. However, there are several limitations associated with ethnocentric system where HCNs has limited opportunity for career promotion and leads to high turnover. Adaptation of expatriates to host country takes much longer time and often leads to poor decision and cross-cultural conflict may occur [Zeira, 1976]. High operating cost to sustain expatriates expenses being viewed as unjustified by HCNs . Typical example of ethnocentric approach company are Japanese firms such as Panasonic, Sony and Hitachi. In Mastec organization, the staffing approach for subsidiaries in Thailand, Vietnam and India adopted ethnocentric system due to lack of competency of HCNs and the needs for corporate communication. Most of the customers in India and Thailand are Japanese manufacturers, therefore an expatriate with Japanese language ability to communicate with customers parent company in Japan is still vital. 2.2) Polycentric In polycentric staffing approach, multinational firms rely on the HCN to run the business operation and rarely PCN are transferred to foreign subsidiary. Each subsidiary is treated as an independent business entity with decision making autonomy. In some cases, PCN belief that foreign markets are too difficult to understand and therefore a join venture alliance was formed. The benefits of polycentric are local subsidiary has more leverage to run business operation and achieve fastest local response to market demand. Polycentric system allows continuity of management by HCNs in foreign subsidiary. Language barrier, cross-cultural adaptation problems and high relocation cost to sustain expatriate expenses were eliminated. The disadvantage of polycentric is bridging gap between HCNs and PCNs at headquarter due to language barrier, conflicting of national loyalties and compliance to headquarter HRM policies. There are potential risks of subsidiary become federation, isolated from headquar ter and not pursuing corporate business goals [Dowling P.J 2008]. In Mastecs organization, the establishment of subsidiaries in Indonesia and Malaysia was under joint venture alliance and operate under polycentric system. In order to maintain a reasonable level of control and to provide managerial and engineering support, virtual assignments system was implemented with frequent business trips to visit the subsidiary company by the respective manager. 2.3) Geocentric The management style in geocentric staffing system focuses on global operation to draw best talents and resources. Each subsidiary and headquarter are interdependent of each other to make unique contribution based on their comparative advantages. An example of this company is Mercedes Benz, where the company sources raw materials around the world from the lowest-cost perspective and assembles their cars in Germany where the best technology is located. The strengths of geocentric approach are multinational firms able to develop a pool of global executive for deployment throughout the global organization. It encourages career development and promotion of high-potential executive regardless of nationality. However, in the process of collecting wisdoms and deploying expertise globally, host government may intervenes recruitment using immigration control to encourage employment of HCNs. Extensive international socializing between PCN, HCN and TCN to support geocentric staffing system need s centralized control which reduced independency of subsidiaries and the staffing decision is time consuming. High cost associated with cross-cultural training, relocation expenses and the need to have compensation package with international standard gives substantial financial burden to the firms. 2.4) Regiocentric Regiocentric staffing approach focuses at a specific geographic boundary, but used a pool of managers from the subsidiaries within the region. Several regional headquarter can be formed such as in Asia, Europe and Middle East which will report to headquarter in parent country. The regional headquarter gains decision making autonomy to operate their business. HCH will be able to interact with PCN posted in the regional headquarter. Parent company is able to maintain reasonable compliances to headquarter HR policy and manage risks control with PCN staffed in regional office [Dowling P.J 2008]. However, there is a potential of federation at regional rather than a country basis. Career prospect also limited to regional level and lack of opportunity for HCN or TCN to explore headquarter working experience. One should remember that the four management orientations are not mutually exclusive. Therefore, they can take place all the time within same organization for its departments or product lines [Guergana K.S. Mujtaba, 2009]. The current organization structure of Mastec clearly demonstrating the application of various management styles within an organization. 3. Managing Cultural Differences Culture can be defined as shared of beliefs, values of a group of person, ways of thinking and living [L. Laroche, 2007]. It encompasses what we are taught to think and response to any given situation by the society in which we are raised. In multinational business context that operating globally, one has to be sensitive and understand the cultural ways of doing business. An example is, in Japanese culture, some of the decision making process is executed through informal advance discussion to reach a consensus called nemawashi [Jon Miller 2007]. Greert Hofstede has defined culture as: Culture is more often a source of conflict than of synergy. Cultural differences are a nuisance at best and often a disaster.[Geert Hofstedeà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ Cultural Dimensions, 2009] The statement implied that if we have an insight view of different people behaves in different cultures, we will tend to interact with the people in other countries more effectively to create successful business results. The Hofstedes five cultural dimensions of study can be applied to have broader views of national culture. Power Distance: Most of the countries in Southeast Asia region exhibits large power distance. In such organization, most of the power centralized in the hands of few key staffs. Subordinates have high dependency on their bosses and are unlikely to approach and contradict with their bosses directly. Individualism: Countries in Southeast Asia are a mixed of individualism and collectivism. Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam are more collectivism due to the people from birth onwards are integrated into cohesive groups, high respect for royal family and family oriented. In Japanese culture, individual opinions almost do not exist and employees will act according to the interest of their group ~ the group come before individual. American and Australia countries exhibit high individualism where people are more self-oriented. Masculinity: Refer to the societies where gender roles are clearly distinct. In masculinity society male are supposed to be assertive, tough and material success oriented. Female are supposed to be more modest, tender, submissive and concerned with quality. In Asian society, especially Korean and Japanese company, the masculinity culture is stronger, where female staffs are expected to serve tea whenever there is an important visitor. Uncertainty Avoidance: This can be defined as people tolerance toward uncertainty or ambiguity. It indicate to what extend the cultural intricate a person to exhibit the feeling of uncomfortable and nervous in unstructured situations. Country of USA and UK exhibit low level of uncertainty avoidance whereas Japan and Singapore exhibit high level of uncertainty avoidance. An example, Japan tends to have strict laws and procedures to which their people adhered closely. Long-Term Orientation: Long-term orientation versus short-term orientation. This fifth culture is said to deal with Virtue regardless of Truth. Values associated with long-term orientation are thrift and perseverance and values associated with short-term orientation are respect for tradition, fulfilling social obligations, and protecting ones face. Both the positively and the negatively rated values of this dimension are found in the teachings of Confucius, the most influential Chinese philosopher who lived around 500 B.C. This dimension also applies to countries without a Confucian heritage such as Brazil. [Hofstede, 1994, Geert Hofstedeà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ Cultural Dimensions, 2009] Beyond the economic and political-legal issues, a countrys cultural environment (communications, religion, values and ideologies, education, and social structure) also has an important implications when it comes to a companys decision about when and how to do business there [Bohlander/Snell 2007]. Asian society comprised of various cultures and traditional customs inherited from different countries. It is vital for a global manager or expatriate to fully aware of the respective culture before departing for international assignment. Some manager can adopt culturally appropriate behaviors, but that does not apply all the time in all cultural setting [Dowling P.J, 2008]. Therefore, it is essential for HR to arrange and facilitates cultural training to equip expatriates with necessary skills to cope with the new environment in foreign country. 4. Expatriates Selection Hiring and deployment people to effectively perform international assignment is a crucial decision because failure in expatriate assignment will cause huge financial loss, damaging a business, and distance a relations between subsidiary and parent company. One can concluded that an expatriate failure represents a selection error, compounded in some cases by poor expatriate management [Eugene Nic, 2002]. Recruitment and selection is a process of searching potential job candidates and gathering information for the purpose of evaluating and deciding best people for a particular vacancy. The factors involved in expatriate selection can be assessed from individual and situation aspects. Individual factors are i) technical ability, ii) cross-culture suitability, and iii) family requirement, whereas situation factors are categorized as i) culture or country requirement, ii) language, iii) MNE requirement. Technical ability of an employee to perform the required tasks is the most important consideration, given most of the reason for international assignment is to fill up position. That means, special skills and competency or important roles will be assigned to the expatriate. In most of the developing country such as Vietnam and India, lack of HCNs staffs ability required parent company to dispatch expertise to do the jobs as well as knowledge transfer. Giving that reason, an effective skill of expatriate is also important to translate technical or managerial skills to HCN. Cross-culture suitability or ability to adapt to foreign environment is crucial for an expatriate to operate independently in foreign environment. The desirable attributes shall include cultural empathy, adaptability, diplomacy, language ability, positive attitude, emotionally stability and maturity [Caligiuri, 2000]. An employee with high coping skill enabled him to survive and mix into local culture. Apart from culture ability, individuals personality, communication skills and attitude to foreigner are also important factors for expatriate to build up personal network in foreign country, hence contribute to successful of international assignment. Family requirement determines the ability of family members to adapt to the new foreign environment, particularly spouse. The responsibility of spouse to setup new home, plus the down side emotional feeling of leaving behind a career, friends and social support network may cause burden to an expatriate and affected the work performance. The major causes of expatriate failure are family adjustment causing premature departure, poor performances, lifestyle issues, work adjustment, business climate and repatriation issues, and other opportunities arise. By far, the biggest factor tends to be a spouses inability to adjust to his or her new surroundings [Riki Takeuchi, 2002]. Disruption to children education, the need to take care of aging parents and custody of children for a single parent may cause the selected candidate to reject the international assignment. In order to avoid burden of trailing spouse, the manager assigned to India is without accompanying by his spouse and children. Country or cultural requirement may impose restriction to employ PCN or TCN. Multinational firm need to demonstrate that HCN is not available, or providing a training program to transfer knowledge to HCN before the host government will issue working permit. An example is in UK, working permit for Japanese language translation is easy to obtain compared engineering jobs. In some country, working permits only issued to expatriate where trailing spouse is not permitted to work, which may create adjustment problems. Or work permit only issues to male expatriate (eg. no work permit for woman expatriate in Middle East country). MNE staffing policy is another important decision to meet company objective, for example knowledge transfer, management development or organization development. The motivational of HCN, HCNs career progression and keeping the lowest cost of business operation also need to be considered. However, for the reason of corporate control and the need for special skills, staffing of PCN cannot be avoided. Other situational factors are mode of operation, duration and type of assignment and amount of knowledge transfers will affect the staffing policy. The ability to speak local language linked to the capability to learn local culture. Differences in language are recognized as major barrier to effective cross-cultural communication. Even though, many multinational firms places language at less important criteria and they view language as a mechanical which is manageable by individual. Expatriates who are able to speak local language will be regarded as part of the local society which make business communication much easier and friendlier. The other important aspect of language is the ability to understand corporate language. Some multinational firm from non-English speaking countries may adopt corporate communication using the language of parent country (eg. Japanese or Korean) as a standard way of reporting. Prospective candidate may be eliminated from the potential pool due to a lack of competency in the common language [R.Marschanp, 1999]. Therefore, language ability may limit the multinational firm ability to select the most ap propriate candidate. The requirement of Japanese language to communicate with Japanese customers has placed restriction of expatriate selection in India Thailand. 5. Lessons Learned The decision of headquarter in Japan to change management system in Southeast Asia region has put great pressures on Mastecs HR management to looks beyond local context. Throughout the process of implementing IHRM activities, numerous valuable experiences have been learned for future improvement although there is no major problems arise. Those experiences suggested that IHRM does not only facilitate and supporting business units but plays a strategic roles to initiate the planning process and monitoring the implementation throughout the organization. The close coordination between HR department and individual business units in the implementation process is essential to realize the company objections. Several experiences gained are examined below for learning process: 5.1) Mis-match of expectation: Lack of cultural understanding: It is not surprise that the cultural training was ignored because HR department has taken for granted that Singapore is a multicultural country. The expectation manager from the HNC in term of responsiveness and local staffs management have causes conflict under visible management system. This had resulted the manager to fly more often to the destination to resolve the issues. 5.2) Lack of cultural understanding: In India, holding hands between male-and-male indicate good relationship and trust of each other. However, this practice has given a culture shock to the Japanese expatriate when a local customer tried to hold his hand during the walks for lunch after a serious business discussion. 5.3) Insufficient expatriate arrangements: The last minutes decision of selecting a candidate for job assignments in Vietnam has given surprises to the spouses. In order to keep his job performance, the expatriate agreed on the assignment and leave behind his ill parent to be taken care by his spouse alone. Frequently, the expatriate has to return to home at his own expenses for traveling cost. 5.4) Lack of communication channel: The above mentioned expatriate does not has communication channel to relay his personal problem to the company. Approaching directly to his boss could be misinterpreted into demanding for extra benefits. The issue may be solved if HR could approach open-minded discussion or using mentoring approach. 5.5) Language barrier: Due to the unique communication requirement with Japanese expatriate of customers and potential local candidate for jobs assignment in Thailand and India was eliminated. This has slowed down company objective to reduce operating cost toward regiocentric management system. 5.6) Lack of broader perspective: Due to different compensation package for overseas assignment between Japanese and Singapore expatriate, a potential local candidate who has Japanese language ability rejected the offers for job assignment in India. The difference of compensation especially in hardship country has viewed as unjustified and less attractive by local staff. 5.7) Lack of cultural understanding: A newly expatriate Japanese manager exercises his authority to force a group of employee to work during the cultural national holiday in Thailand (Buddhist festival celebration). The manager has promised to his customer to dispatch his employees to support production and will pay triple salary for the over-time working hours. Without understanding the cultural practice of religious celebration in Thailand, he applied pure ethnocentric management style that worked well in Japan into Thailand society. That incident caused cultural conflict between that group or worker and the expatriate. 6. Conclusions The internationalization process of Mastec is still at an early stage where there are still many activities needed to put in place to strengthen its operation. Mastec need to look beyond its coverage of IHRM studies in the area of training and development, performance management of expatriate, management of repatriates, succession plan, industrial relation, and human resources management in host-country. The issues and problems that arise could be avoided if the proper pre-departure trainings were conducted before expatriate assignment. People before Products is a philosophy of the founder of Panasonic Group company, Konosuke Matsushita (1984-1989), emphasize on cultivating the potential ability and development of workers before business [Konosuke Matsushita, 2007]. For example, Samsung Electronics used internal developed Local Expert program to train employees to better understand the international business environment [Tony Michell, 2010]. We can also predict that in long run there is possibility for parent company decision to move toward to polycentric system in Southeast Asia region subjected to successful of current arrangement. Therefore, it is crucial for Mastec to implement more IHRM activities in order to demonstrate its independency and capability to manage the regional business. At the same time, it is essential to gain respect and trust from headquarter by adopting strong corporate governance, cooperation and compliances to headquarter HR policies in Japan. 7. 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Communism and its Unfortunate Flaw :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Communism and its Unfortunate Flaw Throughout the course of history, colonies, city-states, and countries alike have attempted different forms of government. From monarchies to anarchies, it has remained clear what manner of government works best, both for the economy and the people- a capitalist society. Capitalism breeds competition and individual accomplishments. Unfortunately Karl Marx did not feel this way when he published his short piece, The Communist Manifesto, a cry for all those in favor of a communist world to stand up and unite. According to Marx, the capitalist form of government "has torn away from the family its sentimental veil, and has reduced the family relation to a mere money relation" (82). He goes on to describe more of these crimes the government, notably the bourgeoisie, has inflicted upon the populace, the proletariat. Yet Marx proves to over-generalize himself on a majority of issues. Although communism is itself almost infallible theoretically, it simply cannot exist in the overwhelmingly competitive, capitalist world that exists today. George O rwell's Animal Farm is an exceptional example that illustrates the faults of communism. In this fictional tale similar to the Russian Revolution of the early 1900's, a group of farm animals overthrows its corrupt farmer and forms its own society. The parallels to communism become clear as all animals are made equal and work toward the same goal of building their farm. Unfortunately, human nature and competition sink in, as the intelligent pigs become the all-knowing leaders. This is not so much to say that competition is a negative aspect of the economy; on the contrary, it has been very much an overall positive influence. Communism also does not take into account that human nature has a tendency to create competition. People strive to do their best, for when they do they are most often rewarded. Communism does no such thing, and provides for one of the main flaws that attributes to its failure. In Marx's ideal communist world, the entire populace is equal, and shares everything. There is no competition, and no one is rewarded more or less based on his or her individual achievement. Yet with this newfound sense of a worldwide sharing, there, in theory, is no poverty or hunger.